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marcus none of us were there. absolute exterminations had its purpose in India. Er ... yes ... but that's what I was saying - he doesn't appear to have committed wholesale exterminations without a reason. What I was saying, however, was that the Indians themselves might not have perceived it that w...

marcus none of us were there.

absolute exterminations had its purpose in India.

in some sense Alexander must have felt like whoever didnt surrender was just commiting suicide. He was well aware of his military power and he felt it as an insult by whoever questioned his authority. its like today's greece to question US authority. its crazy and never happened. and if it did happe...

psycological warfare.

the phalanx showoff in complete silence and suddenly the war scream before charging the illirians.

the continuous false alarms in Hydaspes.

the presence of Alexander had a major psycological impact on later campaigns since many thought of him as invincible.

i am just saying cause almost every documentary when it comes to Caspian goes like 'the soldiers thought the sea was a part of the Ocean'.

So when Alexander reached Caspian he thought it was a lake. And the fleet he ordered to be built there, was to explore it and make the way easier for a future campaign against the scythians.?

One can read in Arrian that some of the main points made at Hyphases by the ones who wanted to return was 'let the veterans return so they can see their beloved ones and for the young ones to see how rich and respectfull their fathers became so they are eager to enlist for the army etc etc'. Alexand...

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrocles_(geographer)

here it says that he came to the conclusion that the Caspian was a gulf or inlet, and that it was possible to enter it by sea from the Indian Ocean.

Arrian says that Alexander sent for a fleet to be constructed at the Caspian Sea apart from the fleets in Babylon and Cilicia, in order to explore its shores.

Do we know anything about that attempt?

When was it discovered that the Caspian Sea is a lake?

no i was not asking where the royal family was. i have already taken the response i was asking for.

amyntoros i know that. i am responding to the previous remark. was the royal family in Damascus? thats all i am saying.

his baggage was near the battlefield. thats where the royal family was.

They killed him cause he was a chilliarch

they said no poison matches the symptoms.

Arsenic does!http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5C0CeN-X9to

r we talking about this?

Agesilaos these sound pretty reasonable. thank you

Marcus the rivers were not the problem. An army goes the way with the most resourses. West of the Euphrates there is the syrian desert so one must cross the rivers up north to avoid the desert.